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Learn what AI tokens are, how tokenization works, input vs output tokens, context windows, LLM token limits, API costs, and practical token optimization techniques.
Learn what Top-P Sampling is, how Nucleus Sampling works, token probability, Top-P vs Temperature, Top-K sampling, and practical LLM API examples for developers.
Learn what AI model temperature is, how it controls token sampling, low vs high temperature, Top-P comparison, practical examples, and how developers configure LLM APIs.
Imagine you're building the next Amazon. Your application needs to store: Customer information Product catalog Orders Payments Reviews Shopping carts One of the first questions you'll face is: Should I use SQL or NoSQL?
Imagine you're using Amazon during the Big Billion Sale. You search for: "iPhone 16 Pro" Within milliseconds, thousands of matching products appear. Now imagine Amazon had to scan every product in its database before showing the results. Instead of milliseconds... It could take minutes. Imagine the experience for millions of users.
System Design Series — Part 32 Imagine you're using Amazon during a big sale. You click "Buy Now." Behind the scenes, your request travels through multiple services: Order Service Payment Service Inventory Service Notification Service Shipping Service
System Design Series — Part 31 Imagine you've built a successful e-commerce application. Everything works perfectly. One day, your API suddenly receives 2 million requests in just a few minutes. Some requests come from real users.
System Design Series — Part 30 Imagine you log in to your internet banking application. You enter your username and password only once. After logging in, you can: Check your account balance Transfer money Download statements Pay bills You never enter your password again until you log out. But here's the question:
How does the server know it's still you? Does the server remember every logged-in user? Not usually. Instead, most modern applications use something called a JWT (JSON Web Token). JWT is one of the most widely used authentication mechanisms in modern web applications, mobile apps, APIs, and microservices.
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