Jitter: ○ Add randomness (jitter) to the backoff to prevent a "thundering herd" problem where all retries happen at the same time. Tools: ● Resilience4j or Spring Retry for retry logic in Java-based services. ● In AWS, services like SQS or SNS automatically implement retries and backoff. Example: If a Product Service fails to respond due to a temporary issue, retries with exponential backoff (e.g., retry after 2, 4, 8 seconds) can be implemented to give the service

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Short answer: chance to recover without overwhelming it. Real-world example (ShopNest) After payment succeeds, ShopNest publishes OrderPaid . Inventory and Notification services react independently—no giant distributed transaction. Say this in the interview Define — one clear sentence (the short answer above). Example — relate it to a project like ShopNest or your real work. Trade-off — when you would not use it.