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Learn what AI tokens are, how tokenization works, input vs output tokens, context windows, LLM token limits, API costs, and practical token optimization techniques.
Learn what Top-P Sampling is, how Nucleus Sampling works, token probability, Top-P vs Temperature, Top-K sampling, and practical LLM API examples for developers.
Learn what AI model temperature is, how it controls token sampling, low vs high temperature, Top-P comparison, practical examples, and how developers configure LLM APIs.
System Design Series — Part 31 Imagine you've built a successful e-commerce application. Everything works perfectly. One day, your API suddenly receives 2 million requests in just a few minutes. Some requests come from real users.
System Design Series — Part 30 Imagine you log in to your internet banking application. You enter your username and password only once. After logging in, you can: Check your account balance Transfer money Download statements Pay bills You never enter your password again until you log out. But here's the question:
System Design Series — Part 29 Have you ever clicked one of these buttons? Continue with Google Sign in with GitHub Login with Microsoft You didn't create a new password.
How does the server know it's still you? Does the server remember every logged-in user? Not usually. Instead, most modern applications use something called a JWT (JSON Web Token). JWT is one of the most widely used authentication mechanisms in modern web applications, mobile apps, APIs, and microservices.
One of the most common interview questions is: "What's the difference between Authentication and Authorization?" Surprisingly, many developers use these terms interchangeably. But they are not the same thing.
System Design Series — Part 26 Imagine you're building an online food delivery platform like Swiggy or Zomato. A customer places an order. Behind the scenes, multiple services need to communicate: Order Service Payment Service Restaurant Service Delivery Service Notification Service
System Design Series — Part 25 Imagine you're building an e-commerce application. The homepage needs to display: Product name Price Product image Average rating Seller name
A few years ago, I worked on a project where a single database query took around 300 milliseconds. That doesn't sound bad. Until you realize: 10,000 users were executing the same query repeatedly. The database CPU started increasing.
A decision framework for fifty Toolliyo paths: match background, job market, and timeline to .NET, React, Azure, MERN, or full-stack .NET plus React in 2025.
Technical SEO, keyword strategy, and content systems that grew Toolliyo tutorial traffic—structured data, internal linking, and avoiding AI slop penalties.
A week-by-week recovery plan for software engineers: sustainable pace, boundary scripts, manager conversations, and when AI tools help versus hurt your energy.
Portfolio projects that stand out for remote .NET roles: what recruiters scan in 90 seconds, GitHub hygiene, deploy links, and three project archetypes that beat tutorial clones.
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